Business Plan for America

Business Plan for America

References

The academic research, policy reports, and data sources that underpin the Business Plan for America's recommendations across all topic areas.

AI and the Workforce

Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2022). Tasks, automation, and the rise in U.S. wage inequality. Econometrica. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA19815

Autor, D., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552801

Brookings Institution. (2019). Automation and artificial intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places. https://www.brookings.edu/research/automation-and-artificial-intelligence-how-machines-are-affecting-people-and-places/

Burning Glass Institute / Harvard Business School. (2024). The evolving skills landscape: What employers want in the AI era. https://www.burningglassinstitute.org

Federal Reserve Board. (2025, October 6). The state of AI competition in advanced economies. FEDS Notes. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/the-state-of-ai-competition-in-advanced-economies-20251006.html

Future of Jobs Report. (2025). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/

Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2019). The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015. ILR Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793918820008

McKinsey Global Institute. (2023, July). Generative AI and the future of work in America. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/generative-ai-and-the-future-of-work-in-america

OECD. (2026, February). Venture capital investments in artificial intelligence through 2025. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/venture-capital-investments-in-artificial-intelligence-through-2025_a13752f5-en/full-report.html

Pew Research Center. (2025, February 25). Workers' views of AI use in the workplace. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2025/02/25/workers-views-of-ai-use-in-the-workplace/

Stanford University Human-Centered AI. (2026). The 2026 AI Index Report. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report

Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. (2024). What works in workforce development: Evidence on effective programs and policies. https://www.upjohn.org/research-highlights/what-works-workforce-development

U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. (2025). WIOA performance and outcomes data. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/wioa

Immigration that Works

American Enterprise Institute. (2024, October 18). CBO confirms again immigration's economic and fiscal benefits. https://www.aei.org/economics/cbo-confirms-again-immigrations-economic-and-fiscal-benefits/

American Immigration Council. (2024, September 9). New American Fortune 500 in 2024: The largest American companies and their immigrant roots. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/report/new-american-fortune-500-2024/

Anderson, S. (2024, May). Immigrant entrepreneurs and U.S. billion-dollar companies. National Foundation for American Policy. https://nfap.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Immigrant-Entrepreneurs-and-US-Billion-Dollar-Companies.NFAP-Policy-Brief.May-2024.pdf

Baer, J., & Ekin, S. (2025, November). Fall 2025 snapshot on international student enrollment: Key findings. Institute of International Education. https://opendoorsdata.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/IIE_Fall-2025-Snapshot_Key-Findings.pdf

Congressional Budget Office. (2024, July). Effects of the immigration surge on the federal budget and the economy. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/60569

Hincks, J. (2024, October). Green card backlog: By the numbers. Cato Institute. https://www.cato.org/blog/green-card-backlog-numbers

Migration Policy Institute. (2025, February 4). Explainer: Immigrants and the U.S. economy. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/content/explainer-immigrants-and-us-economy

NAFSA: Association of International Educators. (2025, November). Fall 2025 international student enrollment snapshot and economic impact. https://www.nafsa.org/fall-2025-international-student-enrollment-snapshot-economic-impact

National Foundation for American Policy. (2023, November). The employment-based green card backlog. https://nfap.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/The-Employment-Based-Green-Card-Backlog.NFAP-Policy-Brief.November-2023.pdf

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2025). H-1B cap season. https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-1b-specialty-occupations/h-1b-cap-season

U.S. Department of Labor & Department of Homeland Security. (2025). H-2B visa program: Supplemental cap releases FY2017–FY2026. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor/programs/h-2b

More Homes, Lower Costs

AEI Housing Center. (2025, August 21). AEI Housing Center's model state legislation for starter homes and multifamily zoning reform. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/aei-housing-centers-model-state-legislation-for-starter-homes-and-multifamily-zoning-reform/

AEI Housing Center. (2025). Strong foundations: A playbook for housing and economic growth. American Enterprise Institute & U.S. Chamber of Commerce. https://www.aei.org/strong-foundations-a-playbook-for-housing-and-economic-growth/

AEI Housing Center. (2025, April 24). Houston gets the last laugh. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/articles/houston-gets-the-last-laugh/ (primary source for the Houston vs. Los Angeles price-to-income and homelessness comparison)

Brookings Institution. (2025, July 21). Make it count: Measuring our housing supply shortage. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/make-it-count-measuring-our-housing-supply-shortage/ (documents that shortage estimates range from 1.5 to 5.5 million homes depending on methodology)

Economic Innovation Group. (2025, September 18). The era of federal zoning reform has arrived. https://eig.org/the-era-of-federal-zoning-reform-has-arrived/

Hamilton, E. (2023). The effects of minimum-lot-size reform on Houston land values. Mercatus Center at George Mason University. https://www.mercatus.org/research/working-papers/effects-minimum-lot-size-reform-houston-land-values

Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. (2025, June). The state of the nation's housing 2025. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/press-releases/new-report-highlights-unease-housing-market-amid-worsening-affordability-crisis

Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. (2025). Home prices surge to five times median income, nearing historic highs. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/blog/home-prices-surge-five-times-median-income-nearing-historic-highs

Ivory Innovations. (2025). Little book of lessons learned from state and local housing initiatives. https://ivoryinnovations.org/little-book/

JP Morgan Chase Institute. (2025). State and local housing policy brief. https://www.jpmorganchase.com/institute/research/household-income-spending/report-state-local-housing-policy

Mercatus Center. (2023). Learning from Houston's townhouse reforms. https://www.mercatus.org/research/policy-briefs/learning-houstons-townhouse-reforms

National Association of Realtors / Rosen Consulting Group. (2021). Housing is critical infrastructure: Social and economic benefits of building more housing. https://www.nar.realtor/sites/default/files/documents/housing-is-critical-infrastructure-social-and-economic-benefits-of-building-more-housing-2021-06-15.pdf

Pew Charitable Trusts. (2023, September). Lot-size reform unlocks affordable homeownership in Houston. https://www.pew.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2023/09/lot-size-reform-unlocks-affordable-homeownership-in-houston

U.S. Chamber of Commerce. (2025). Strong foundations housing policy platform. https://www.uschamber.com/housing

U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. (2026, March 5). The facts: The 21st Century Road to Housing Act. https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/majority/the-facts-the-21st-century-road-to-housing-act-cuts-red-tape-builds-more-homes-and-restores-accountability

Urban Institute / Goodman, L. (2025). Housing Finance Policy Center research. https://www.urban.org/policy-centers/housing-finance-policy-center

Waters, E., Orbach, R., & Hausman, L. (2026, February 11). What's in the Housing for the 21st Century Act? Bipartisan Policy Center. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/explainer/whats-in-the-housing-for-the-21st-century-act/

Zillow Research / Casita Coalition. (2024). Build the middle: Missing middle housing solutions. https://zelp.co/build-the-middle

Powering Growth

Bipartisan Policy Center. (2025, February). Electricity Demand Growth and Data Centers: A Guide for the Perplexed. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/testimony-letter/energy-letter-to-doe/

Bipartisan Policy Center. (2025, December 19). What's in the SPEED Act? https://bipartisanpolicy.org/issue-brief/whats-in-the-speed-act/; House Committee on Natural Resources. (2025, December 18). House Passes Historic Bipartisan Permitting Reform Legislation. https://naturalresources.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=418526

Downs, E., et al. (2025, November 19). How DOE's announcement on data centers could impact the grid. Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University SIPA. https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/how-does-announcement-on-data-centers-could-impact-the-grid/

Fortune. (2026, April 20). Data centers drove half of U.S. electricity demand growth last year. https://fortune.com/2026/04/20/us-data-center-electricity-demand-public-opinion/

Geddes, R. R. (2025, September 17). Reforming permitting to build infrastructure. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/reforming-permitting-to-build-infrastructure/

International Energy Agency. (2025). Energy and AI: Energy demand from AI. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai

Niskanen Center. (2026, March 5). 2025 didn't close the transmission gap, and 2026 won't either without change. https://www.niskanencenter.org/2025-didnt-close-the-transmission-gap-and-2026-wont-either-without-change/

R Street Institute. (2025, December 5). The 119th Congress's grid opportunity. https://www.rstreet.org/commentary/the-119th-congresss-grid-opportunity/

Sercy, K., & Cavert, J. (2025). Siting, leasing, and permitting of clean energy infrastructure in the United States. Niskanen Center. https://www.niskanencenter.org/niskanens-abundance-related-policy-work/

U.S. Department of Energy/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2024). Report on U.S. Data Center Energy Use. https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers

Advancing Global Competitiveness

Amiti, M., Flanagan, C., Heise, S., & Weinstein, D. E. (2026, February 12). Who is paying for the 2025 U.S. tariffs? Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Liberty Street Economics. https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2026/02/who-is-paying-for-the-2025-u-s-tariffs/

Atlantic Council. (2025). The future of the rules-based international order. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/scowcroft-center-for-strategy-and-security/global-strategy-initiative/the-future-of-the-rules-based-international-order/

Bipartisan Policy Center. (2026, January 7). International tax policy: Where the U.S. stands and what's ahead in 2026. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/issue-brief/international-tax-policy-where-the-u-s-stands-and-whats-ahead-in-2026/

Brookings Institution. (2026, February 19). Is U.S. trade policy on a new path? https://www.brookings.edu/articles/is-us-trade-policy-on-a-new-path/

Cato Institute. (2025). The case for free trade. https://www.cato.org/free-trade

Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center. (2025). The China challenge: Strategic competition and U.S. policy options. https://www.belfercenter.org/china

McMorrow, R., Fleming, S., Foster, P., & Leahy, J. (2026, April 14). China shock 2.0: The flood of high-tech goods that will change the world. Financial Times. https://financialpost.com/financial-times/china-shock-high-tech-goods-flood

Peterson Institute for International Economics. (2025). The economic costs of tariff escalation. https://www.piie.com/research/piie-charts/economic-costs-tariff-escalation

Peterson Institute for International Economics. (2025). WTO reform: What the U.S. should pursue. https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/wto-reform-what-us-should-pursue

R Street Institute. (2025). The case for congressional control over tariffs. https://www.rstreet.org/research/the-case-for-congressional-control-over-tariffs/

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2025, July 11). New foreign direct investment in the United States, 2024. https://www.bea.gov/news/2025/new-foreign-direct-investment-united-states-2024

U.S. Chamber of Commerce. (2025). Global trade and investment policy priorities. https://www.uschamber.com/international/trade-policy

Yale Budget Lab. (2025). The economic impact of the 2025 tariff regime. https://budgetlab.yale.edu/research/economic-impact-2025-tariff-regime

A Government that Serves

Anderson, S. (2025, June 4). Do eroding presidential norms undermine constitutional principles? Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/do-eroding-presidential-norms-undermine-constitutional-principles/

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (2026, January 22). The startling reversal of U.S. global anti-corruption policy. https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/research/2026/01/trump-biden-corruption-reversal

Cato Institute. (2025). On the expansion of executive power: An overview. https://www.cato.org/blog/expansion-executive-power-overview

Cato Institute. (2025, June 26). Trump's tariffs have Democrats sounding like libertarians. https://www.cato.org/commentary/trumps-tariffs-have-democrats-sounding-gasp-libertarians

Cato Institute. (2025, October 28). Striking down the tariffs won't hurt anybody. https://www.cato.org/commentary/striking-down-tariffs-wont-hurt-anybody

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2025, November 6). Trump administration's undercutting of oversight hurts taxpayers and beneficiaries. https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-budget/trump-administrations-undercutting-of-oversight-hurts-taxpayers-and

Congressional Research Service. (2025). Presidential 2025 tariff actions: Timeline and status (R48549). https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48549

Eisen, N. (2025, January 30). Democracy playbook 2025. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/democracy-playbook-2025/

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. (2025, September). Effects of tariff uncertainty on the outlook of small and medium-sized businesses. https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/current-policy-perspectives/2025/tariff-uncertainty-on-small-and-medium-businesses

Harvard Kennedy School. (2025). Are we headed for a constitutional crisis? Kennedy School scholars on the Trump administration and the rule of law. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policy-topics/democracy-governance/are-we-headed-constitutional-crisis-kennedy

Koh, H. H. (2025). Concentration of power in the executive. Daedalus, 154(4), 69–86. https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/154/4/69/134155/Concentration-of-Power-in-the-Executive

NPR. (2025, March 14). Judges threatened with impeachment, bombs for ruling against Trump agenda. https://www.npr.org/2025/03/13/nx-s1-5316340/threats-judges-trump

Pethokoukis, J. (2022). America's crony capitalism challenge. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/articles/americas-crony-capitalism-challenge/

Roberts, J. G. (2025, December 31). 2025 year-end report on the federal judiciary. Supreme Court of the United States. https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/year-end/year-endreports.aspx

Shane, P. M. (2025, August 24). The uncertain future of the separation of powers. The Regulatory Review. https://www.theregreview.org/2025/08/24/spotlight-the-uncertain-future-of-the-separation-of-powers/

Somin, I. (2026, April 11). A legal scholar explains the challenges with Trump's global tariffs. Cato Institute / NPR. https://www.npr.org/2026/04/11/nx-s1-5779639/a-legal-scholar-explains-the-challenges-with-trumps-global-tariffs

The Brookings Institution. (2026, January 30). The expanding powers of the presidency [Series]. https://www.brookings.edu/collection/the-expanding-powers-of-the-presidency/

Wallach, P. A. (2025, February 18). The rule of law has seen better days. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/op-eds/the-rule-of-law-has-seen-better-days/

Wallach, P. A. (2026, February 25). A majority for the rule of law. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/op-eds/a-majority-for-the-rule-of-law/

Funding our Future Together

American Action Forum. (2025, November 4). The impact of tariffs on small businesses. https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/the-impact-of-tariffs-on-small-businesses/

Bipartisan Policy Center. (2024, August 26). The 2025 tax debate: International taxes under Pillars 1 and 2. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/explainer/the-2025-tax-debate-international-taxes-under-pillars-1-and-2/

Bipartisan Policy Center. (2025, January 26). Visualizing CBO's budget and economic outlook: 2025. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/article/visualizing-cbos-budget-and-economic-outlook-2025/

Bipartisan Policy Center. (2026, January 7). International tax policy: Where the U.S. stands and what's ahead in 2026. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/issue-brief/international-tax-policy-where-the-u-s-stands-and-whats-ahead-in-2026/

Brookings Institution. (2026, February 19). Is U.S. trade policy on a new path? https://www.brookings.edu/articles/is-us-trade-policy-on-a-new-path/

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2025, December). The federal estate tax. https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/the-federal-estate-tax

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2025). Strengthening Medicare financing. https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/strengthening-medicare-financing

Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. (2025, March 27). Analysis of CBO's March 2025 long-term budget outlook. https://www.crfb.org/papers/analysis-cbos-march-2025-long-term-budget-outlook

Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. (2023). How much would the President's budget extend Medicare solvency? https://www.crfb.org/blogs/how-much-would-presidents-budget-extend-medicare-solvency

Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. (2025, March 20). Primer: Understanding the tax gap. https://www.crfb.org/blogs/primer-understanding-tax-gap

Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. (2026, February). Net interest costs will double, again, over the next decade. https://www.crfb.org/blogs/net-interest-costs-will-double-again-over-next-decade

Congressional Budget Office. (2021, September). The effects of increased funding for the IRS. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57444

Congressional Budget Office. (2026, February). The budget and economic outlook: 2026 to 2036. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/62105

Congressional Research Service. (2024). Can tax policy increase saving? https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48092

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. (2025, September). Effects of tariff uncertainty on the outlook of small and medium-sized businesses. https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/current-policy-perspectives/2025/tariff-uncertainty-on-small-and-medium-businesses

Financial Health Network. (2024, September). Households under financial pressure. https://finhealthnetwork.org/new-report-highlights-critical-turning-point-for-middle-class-families/

Harvard Business School Institute for Business in Global Society. (2025, October 30). How U.S. trade uncertainty is buffeting small business. https://www.hbs.edu/bigs/us-trade-uncertainty-buffeting-small-business

Internal Revenue Service. (2025). The tax gap. https://www.irs.gov/statistics/irs-the-tax-gap

Internal Revenue Service. (2025, October 9). IRS releases tax inflation adjustments for tax year 2026, including amendments from the One Big Beautiful Bill. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-releases-tax-inflation-adjustments-for-tax-year-2026-including-amendments-from-the-one-big-beautiful-bill

Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. (2024). America's rental housing 2024. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/press-releases/new-report-shows-rent-unaffordable-half-renters-cost-burdens-surge-record-levels

National Taxpayers Union Foundation. (2024). What President Biden's Medicare solvency proposals could mean for your tax bill. https://www.ntu.org/foundation/detail/what-president-bidens-medicare-solvency-proposals-could-mean-for-your-tax-bill

Penn Wharton Budget Model. (2025, October 29). OBBBA international tax reforms: Updated cost estimates. https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/p/2025-10-29-obbba-international-tax-reforms-updated-cost-estimates/

Pew Research Center. (2025, June). Workers without access to retirement benefits struggle to build wealth. https://www.pew.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2025/06/workers-without-access-to-retirement-benefits-struggle-to-build-wealth

Tax Foundation. (2025). Considering potential international corporate tax reforms in the U.S. https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/us-international-tax-reform/

Tax Policy Center. (2023). Biden's undertaxed profit rule would complete U.S. adoption of BEPS Pillar 2. https://taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/bidens-undertaxed-profit-rule-would-complete-us-adoption-beps-pillar-2

Tax Policy Center. (2024). Tax incentives for retirement savings. https://taxpolicycenter.org/sites/default/files/publication/159231/tax-incentives-for-retirement-savings.pdf

Tax Policy Center. (2024). What is the earned income tax credit? https://taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/what-earned-income-tax-credit

Tax Policy Center. (2025). How many people pay the estate tax? https://taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-many-people-pay-estate-tax

Tax Policy Center. (2025). What is the tax gap? https://taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/what-tax-gap